incoko | Kwiminyaka engama-20 kamva: imfazwe yase-Iraq kunye nemiphumo

Ayiphumelelanga intshukumo yokulwa nemfazwe, uncedo lwezixhobo kunye noqhanqalazo lwase-Iraq

Ngaphambi nje kokuba kuqale imfazwe yase-Iraq ngo-2003, umbutho wehlabathi wokulwa imfazwe wahlanganisa abantu abazizigidi ezili-15. NgoFebruwari kuphela, abantu abangaphezu kwama-500.000 baye baya ezitratweni eBerlin baza baqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nokungenelela komkhosi okhokelwa yi-US. NgoMatshi 20, 2003, umkhosi wangenelela phantsi kwamabango obuxoki. Ikhokelele ekuweni kukaSaddam Hussein, yabiza ubomi bamakhulu amawaka kwaye, phantsi kolawulo lwase-US, yaguqula inkqubo yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko yelizwe. 

Ngelo xesha, uncedo loluntu lwalunokuqhutywa kuphela ngokubonisana nemikhosi elwayo yaye ngaloo ndlela yaba sisixhobo sezobupolitika emfazweni. Umbutho weBa'ath wavalwa, inkonzo yaseburhulumenteni yahlanjululwa kabuhlungu, kwaye imikhosi exhobileyo yase-Iraq kunye neenkonzo zokhuseleko zachithwa - le yayiza kwenziwa inguqu ye-neoliberal yase-Iraq. 

Kwiintshukumo zasekhohlo kwiGlobal North, izikhundla emfazweni zaba zezazisi, kodwa zahlulwa kwi-Iraqi ekhohlo. Oku kuqhanqalaza ngokuchasene nemfazwe yeniyo-koloniyali, ngokuchasene nolawulo lukaSaddam Hussein kwaye yajongana namaqela amaSilamsi agqamileyo asakhulayo.

Uqhanqalazo olukhulu beluqhubeka e-Iraq ukusukela ngo-2011. Ngo-2019, bekukho iinyanga zokugxwala kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu kumbindi we-Iraq, zibonakalisa ngokuchasene nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwezopolitiko kunye ne-neoliberal order. Isizukulwana esitsha semikhosi eqhubekayo e-Iraq silwela ukubuyisela umva i-post-2003 yobukhosi. Nangona kunjalo, umanyano lweYurophu olushiye lwahlala lungekho. Sixoxa ngeembono ezahlukeneyo kungenelelo lomkhosi, intshukumo echasene nemfazwe kunye neminyaka eyi-20 elandelayo e-Iraq.

amatikiti: Ukungena simahla! 
yokubhalisa: Ubhaliso apha
Ulwimi: IsiJamani/ isiArabhu noguqulelo ngaxeshanye

iibhayografi 

UGilbert Achcar 

UGilbert Achcar unguNjingalwazi woMgaqo-nkqubo woPhuhliso kunye noBudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kwiSikolo se-Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) eLondon. Ngo-2003 wajikeleza iFransi kunye nabalandeli be-Iraqi bashiya ukuba bahlanganise imfazwe yase-Iraq. Ungumbhali we-New Cold War: I-United States, iRashiya kunye ne-China-Ukusuka e-Kosovo ukuya e-Ukraine (2023) kunye nabantu abayifunayo: Ukuphononongwa okuPhambili kwe-Arab Uprising (2013).

Jamal Al Sayigh

UJamal Al-Sayigh uzibona njengetshantliziyo lentlalontle evela kwiHarakat Al-Amal (intshukumo yabasebenzi), eyasekwa ngexesha loqhanqalazo luka-Okthobha ka-2019 eIraq. Njengombutho, bazama ukudala indawo yokuba abaphembeleli abaye batshutshiswa ukususela kuqhanqalazo ukuba badibane kwaye batshintshiselane ngemibono. Bakwaququzelela ulutsha kwiindawo abahlala kuzo. Olunye ugxininiso lomsebenzi wakhe zezopolitiko, imfundo kaMarxist. Ukhulele kwisithili saseSadr City saseBaghdad, esithathwa njengenqaba yaseMuqtada Sadr, kwaye usebenza kwezopolitiko apho. Iziphumo zemfazwe yaseIraq ziyaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwisizukulwana esincinci sezopolitiko eIraq namhlanje.

Katja Maurer

U-Katja Maurer wayeyintloko yesebe lobudlelwane boluntu kunye nomhleli-oyintloko wesetyhula kwi-Frankfurt-based aid kunye nentlangano yamalungelo oluntu "i-medico international". Ngo-2003 wayengomnye wabaququzeleli benkomfa ethi "Amandla kunye nokungabi namandla oNcedo" eyenzeka ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yase-Iraq kwaye yabeka iziseko zovavanyo olubalulekileyo loncedo kunye nokuzinziswa kwayo kwimfazwe kunye neemeko zasemva kwemfazwe. Ungumbhali-mbhali wencwadi ethi "I-Haitian Renaissance - indlela ende eya kwinkululeko ye-postcolonial" kwaye uye wajongana nemiphumo emibi yoncedo kwiitekisi ezininzi.

Shluva Sama

USchluwa Sama wakhulela phakathi kweKurdistan-Iraq kunye neJamani. Ugqirha woqoqosho lwezopolitiko upapasha kumajelo ohlukeneyo kwaye usebenza kwiRosa Luxemburg Foundation eBeirut. Apho ujongana noqoqosho lwezopolitiko lokutya kunye noncedo e-Iraq. Unyaka ka-2003 ube nefuthe lini kumafama nakwimveliso yezolimo kweli lizwe? Ujonga imbono yase-Iraqi-Kurdish yokungenelela kwe-US kwaye uyayixoxa ngokumalunga nentshukumo yamazwe ngamazwe yokulwa nemfazwe.

Umsitho ngentsebenziswano ne I-Bildungswerk Berlin ye-Heinrich Böll Foundation kwaye kwiiMedia

U-Oyoun uhlala esebenza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba zonke iziganeko ezibonelelwa kwisakhiwo zingenazithintelo ngokusemandleni. Ukufumana ulwazi lomntu malunga nokufikeleleka, nceda usithumelele i-imeyile ukufikelela (at)oyoun.de. Siza kubuyela kuwe ngokukhawuleza.

E-Oyoun akukho ndawo yokwabelana ngesondo, i-queerism, i-transphobia, naluphi na uhlobo lobuhlanga okanye ucalucalulo olufana nokuchasana nomnyama, ubuhlanga obuchasene namaSilamsi okanye ubuhlanga. Kukwasebenza okufanayo nakuluphi na uhlobo lobundlobongela, ubundlongondlongo okanye ukuziphatha kakubi. I-Oyoun inikezela ngendawo ekhuselekileyo yomntu wonke, iforamu evulekileyo yengxoxo kunye nendawo apho sixhasa kwaye simelane. Ukuba kukho umntu okanye into ekukhathazayo ngexesha lomsitho, nceda uqhagamshelane nelungu labasebenzi bethu abakhoyo ukuze bancede! Ukuba unamava okwabelana nathi emva komsitho, nceda usikhuphele umgca E-mail okanye usithumelele umyalezo ongaziwayo nge indawo yethu.